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Answer :
Final answer:
The process of intentionally adding impurities to a semiconductor is known as doping. This technique modifies the conductivity of the semiconductor and is fundamental in creating both p-type and n-type materials. Doping allows for control over the electrical properties, enabling advancements in electronic devices.
Explanation:
Doping in Semiconductors
When impurities are intentionally added to a semiconductor material, the process is called doping. This is a crucial technique used to modify the electrical properties of semiconductors, which are materials that have conductivity between that of conductors and insulators.
Doping involves the introduction of small amounts of impurity atoms into the semiconductor's crystal lattice. These impurity atoms, called dopants, can either have fewer electrons (to create p-type semiconductors) or more electrons (to create n-type semiconductors). This process is essential for creating devices such as diodes and transistors, which are foundational components in electronic circuits.
For instance, adding boron (a group III element) to silicon (a group IV element) results in a p-type semiconductor, while introducing phosphorus (a group V element) creates an n-type semiconductor. These various doping methods allow for controlled conductivity and enable the creation of extrinsic semiconductors, where the electrical characteristics can be precisely managed for specific applications.
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