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Answer :
36.1 Differentiate between selection and heritability.
Selection and heritability are both concepts related to genetics and breeding.
Selection refers to the process in which certain traits become more common within a population due to preferential reproductive success. This is often guided by either natural selection, where environmental factors determine which traits are advantageous, or artificial selection, where humans select for desirable traits in organisms.
Heritability, on the other hand, is a measure of how much of a trait's variation within a population is due to genetic variance versus environmental factors. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a value between 0 and 1, with higher values indicating that genetics play a larger role in the trait's expression.
36.2 State two advantages of species crossing.
Genetic Diversity: Species crossing can lead to increased genetic diversity, which results in offspring that are more resistant to diseases, pests, and environmental changes.
Improved Traits: Hybrid offspring from species crossing may exhibit improved or enhanced traits, such as higher yields, better nutritional quality, or increased resilience to environmental stressors.
36.3 State two related breeding systems not mentioned in the case study.
Inbreeding: This system involves breeding closely related individuals to enhance certain desirable traits. However, it can also lead to inbreeding depression if not managed carefully.
Outbreeding: This is the breeding of unrelated individuals to increase genetic diversity and reduce the risks of inheriting detrimental traits.
36.4 Explain the importance of using estimated breeding values in breeding.
Estimated Breeding Values (EBVs) play a crucial role in the breeding of plants and animals. They provide a statistical measure of an individual’s genetic worth based on their own and their relatives' performance. EBVs help breeders make informed decisions when selecting animals or plants for reproduction, allowing for the selection of individuals that are likely to pass on desirable traits to their offspring.
Why are EBVs important?
Predictive Power: EBVs use statistical data to predict an individual’s genetic potential, improving the ability to select for specific traits.
Efficient Breeding: By focusing on genetic potential, breeders can achieve desired results more quickly and with greater accuracy, for example, higher yield or increased disease resistance in plants.
Economic Value: EBVs are pivotal in commercial breeding programs, leading to cost-effective production and more robust agricultural outputs.
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