______________ of letter naming include: beginning of orthographic processing, discrimination of confusable letters, clues of phoneme-grapheme matching, and spelling (orally and silently), which requires memory for letter names.

A) Pre-phonemic Strategies
B) Phonemic Awareness
C) Graphophonemic Knowledge
D) Orthographic Memory

The question addresses the role of letter naming in language cognition, correctly answered with Graphophonemic Knowledge (option C). This involves the relationship between sounds and letters, crucial for language processing, orthographic processing, and memory functions in both spelling and decoding. Semantic processing, praxis, and gnosis are also important aspects linked to language and memory.

Explanation:

The question is asking about the benefits of letter naming in relation to language and cognition. The correct answer is C) Graphophonemic Knowledge, which involves understanding the relationship between letters and sounds, essential in spelling and decoding words. This knowledge plays a crucial role in the beginning of orthographic processing, helping to discriminate between confusable letters, providing cues for phoneme-grapheme matching, and requiring memory for letter names, which is key for both oral and silent spelling.

Semantic processing, linking meaning to words, is often found to yield the best retention of verbal information. Moreover, praxis and gnosis relate to the conscious perception and cortical processing of sensory information and the integration of language functions. All of these concepts are pivotal for various cognitive functions, including memory, and often involve the prefrontal cortex's ability to organize information.