Macnish (2014) presented a framework for ethical police surveillance that borrows the guiding principles from just war theory, which suggests:

a. For surveillance to be ethical, it must first be for a just cause.
b. The entity engaging in the surveillance must have the proper moral authority.
c. The surveillance should be undertaken as a last resort after less harmful methods have been tried.
d. All of the above.

Macnish (2014) presented a framework for ethical police surveillance that suggests for surveillance to be ethical, it must first be for a just cause, the entity engaging in the surveillance must have the proper moral authority, and the surveillance should be undertaken as a last resort after less harmful methods have been tried.

Option D: All of the above is the answer.

Explanation:

Macnish's framework for ethical police surveillance draws on principles from just war theory to establish guidelines for ethical surveillance practices.

According to this framework, ethical surveillance requires a just cause, ensuring that the reasons for conducting surveillance are morally justified. Additionally, the entity conducting the surveillance must possess the necessary moral authority to engage in such activities responsibly.

Furthermore, the framework emphasizes that surveillance should only be employed as a last resort after exploring less intrusive and harmful methods, highlighting the importance of considering alternative approaches before resorting to surveillance.

Option D: All of the above is the answer.