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Read each description below regarding the dual innervation of the ANS. Match the appropriate category based on whether it is an example of antagonistic or cooperative innervation.

a. The sympathetic division stimulates mucus production by salivary glands while the parasympathetic division stimulates enzyme secretion.

b. The sympathetic division stimulates an increase in heart rate while the parasympathetic division stimulates a decrease in heart rate.

c. During sex, the parasympathetic division stimulates arousal while the sympathetic division stimulates orgasm.

d. The parasympathetic division constricts the pupils while the sympathetic division dilates the pupils.

1. Antagonistic

2. Cooperative

Answer :

Answer:

a. Cooperative

b. Antagonistic

c. Cooperative

d. Antagonistic

Explanation:

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a control system that is responsible for controlling the body's unconscious functions (e.g., digestion, respiratory rate, heart rate, pupillary response, sexual arousal, etc). The ANS is divided into the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system comprises nerves from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord (responsible for fight or flight); whereas the parasympathetic nervous system is composed primarily of the cranial and sacral spinal nerves (responsible for controlling many of the body's functions when it is at rest). Moreover, antagonistic innervation occurs when an organ is controlled by two different types of nerves, i.e., dual innervation of the organ by both divisions of the ANS, where the effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are antagonistic (i.e., they oppose each other). On the other hand, there are situations where the dual innervation results in a unilateral cooperative response (for example, the urinary system is innervated by parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve fibers that exhibit cooperative effects).

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Final answer:

The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) utilizes dual innervation in the functioning of organs. This interaction can either be antagonistic (they oppose each other) or cooperative (they work together). The variations in heart rate and the effect on pupils are examples of antagonistic innervation, while coordinate sexual functions are an example of cooperative innervation.

Explanation:

The dual innervation of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) means that organs are normally innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. When these divisions work against each other, it's known as antagonistic innervation and when they work together, it's called cooperative innervation.

  1. a. Salivary glands stimulation by both divisions is an example of antagonistic innervation (1).
  2. b. The change in heart rate stimulated by both divisions also falls under antagonistic innervation (1).
  3. c. Sexual arousal and orgasm, driven by the parasympathetic is an example of cooperative innervation (2).
  4. d. The constriction and dilation of pupils driven by parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions, respectively is an example of antagonistic innervation (1).

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