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Answer :
Final answer:
According to the Leriche-Fontaine classification of Chronic obliterating arteriopathies, the correct options are a. Intermittent claudication, b. Skin lesions, c. Muscle atrophies, and d. Gangrene of the extremities.
Explanation:
Intermittent claudication is characterized by pain and cramping in the muscles, typically in the legs, during physical activity. This occurs due to inadequate blood flow to the muscles, often caused by arterial narrowing or blockages. Skin lesions refer to ulcers or wounds that develop on the skin due to poor blood circulation, particularly in the lower extremities. Muscle atrophies result from chronic ischemia, leading to decreased muscle mass and strength over time. Lastly, gangrene of the extremities is the most severe stage, where tissue death occurs due to prolonged lack of blood supply, often necessitating amputation.
In the Leriche-Fontaine classification, these manifestations progress in severity from stage I to stage IV, representing different levels of arterial insufficiency. Stage I corresponds to intermittent claudication, where symptoms occur with exertion but resolve with rest. Stage II includes skin lesions, indicating more advanced disease with tissue damage. Muscle atrophies are characteristic of stage III, reflecting chronic ischemia and tissue wasting. Finally, stage IV represents the most severe form, with gangrene of the extremities necessitating urgent intervention to prevent further tissue loss and systemic complications. This classification system helps clinicians assess and manage patients with chronic arterial insufficiency based on the severity of their symptoms and disease progression.
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