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Does listening to music while running help runners run faster? Here are two designs involving a group of 20 competitive runners.

1. Pair the runners by speed. Flip a coin to assign one runner in each pair to run a 5K while listening to music. The other runner does not listen to music. Compare the difference (no music - music) in 5K times.

2. Flip a coin for each runner. Let heads = run the 5K while listening to music. After the runner finishes, record their time, and then they run the 5K again under the other treatment.

Which matched pairs design is appropriate, if any? Why?

A. Both designs are equally appropriate in this situation because randomization is used.
B. Design I is appropriate because the second design would confound fatigue with the effect of music.
C. Design II is appropriate because it allows us to compare each runner to themselves. This reduces a source of variability.
D. Neither design is appropriate. The best choice is a completely randomized design.

Answer :

Final answer:

Design I is more appropriate as it avoids the potential confounding effect of fatigue present in Design II. Music has been shown to positively affect exercise performance and cognitive tasks, but its impact may vary by type and individual preference.

Explanation:

The student is asking whether listening to music while running can help runners run faster, and which of the two proposed paired designs would be more appropriate for such a study. Design I is deemed more appropriate because it minizes confounding variables such as fatigue, which may influence the results in Design II. In Design II, a runner would run the 5K twice under different conditions, which could make it difficult to determine whether the difference in performance was due to music or fatigue from the first run.

Prior research has shown that music can have a positive effect on exercise performance and cognitive tasks. It can optimize arousal, improve energy efficiency, and influence mood and enjoyment during the physical activity. However, the impact can vary based on the type of music and the individual's preferences.

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