Law enforcement officers can conduct short, pat-down searches even without _ when the officer has _ that criminal activity is taking place or when the officer's safety is an issue.

1) a reasonable suspicion, good faith
2) probable cause, good faith
3) probable cause, a reasonable suspicion
4) good faith, a reasonable suspicion

probable cause, a reasonable suspicion, based on the ruling in Terry v. Ohio (1968), which established the legal precedent for stop and frisk procedures. so the correct option is 2) probable cause, good faith.

Explanation:

Law enforcement officers can conduct short, pat-down searches even without probable cause when the officer has a reasonable suspicion that criminal activity is taking place or when the officer's safety is an issue. This means that the correct answer is (3) probable cause, a reasonable suspicion.

In Terry v. Ohio (1968), the Supreme Court ruled that police may stop and frisk people on the street if they have a reasonable suspicion that the person has committed a crime, is in the process of committing a crime, or is about to commit a crime. This is known as a 'stop and frisk' or 'Terry stop.' The reasonable suspicion standard is a lower threshold than probable cause which is required for issuing warrants or conducting searches in exigent circumstances.