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Answer :
Answer:
The correct answer is a.
Explanation:
Internal validity refers to the establishment of a proper cause and effect relationship in an experiment. Internal invalidity is the opposite, the possibility that the conclusions from the experiment aren't actually demonstrating a proper cause and effect relationship. The classical experiment design helps guard against the sources of internal invalidity through three main elements that must be present: testing how an independent variable affects a dependent variable; measuring the pre-testing and post-testing results of the experiment; and having an experimental and a control group, in order the compare the differences when the variables change.
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Final answer:
Classical experimental design helps protect against internal invalidity by controlling for confounding variables through mechanisms like control groups, random assignment, and blinding. Its effectiveness against both internal and external invalidity largely depends upon the specifics of the experiment.
Explanation:
Classical experimental design is largely used in the social sciences to determine causality between variables. This design helps guard against sources of internal invalidity by employing mechanisms such as control groups, randomization, and blinding. For instance, by using a control group it allows for comparison and thus ensures that the observed effects are due to the treatment and not some other external factors.
However, this doesn't imply that it completely guards against all forms of internal or external invalidity. A poorly designed study may still face issues. Similarly, while random assignment helps in reducing selection bias and achieving group equivalency, it cannot guarantee complete externality. Thus, how well the classical experimental design guards against invalidity greatly depends on the specific details of the experiment.
In summary, classical experimental design is a vital research design that aids in protecting against internal invalidity but its effectiveness against internal or external invalidity depends on the specifics of the experiment.
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