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To complete this task, follow the instructions and answer the questions below:

1. **Calculate the circular cross-section of the Deep Water Horizon pipe:**
(Note: Your answer is in square inches.)

2. **Calculate the volume of oil exiting the pipe every second:**
(Note: This involves multiplying a linear rate of inches per second with the cross-section.)
Answer in cubic inches/second.

3. **Calculate the volume of oil exiting the pipe every minute:**
Answer in cubic inches/minute.

4. **Calculate the volume of oil exiting the pipe every hour:**
Answer in cubic inches/hour.

5. **Calculate the volume of oil exiting the pipe every day:**
Answer in cubic inches/day.

6. **Convert cubic inches/day to cubic feet per day:**
Answer in cubic feet/day.

7. **Convert cubic feet/day to barrels/day:**
(Note: 1 barrel = 5.61 cubic feet.)
Answer in barrels/day (bbl/day).

8. **Multiply barrels/day by 86 days:**
Calculate the total barrels of oil leaked.

9. **Calculate the gallons of oil leaked:**
(Note: There are 42 U.S. gallons in a barrel of oil.)
Calculate the total gallons of oil leaked.

10. **Review chapter 6 of the linked report in the introduction. Discuss at least three environmental impacts caused by this devastating oil spill:**
Write a brief discussion on the environmental impacts.

Answer :

1) The circular cross-section is approximately 346.36 sq. in.

2) The volume of oil exiting the pipe every second is approximately 7273.56 cubic inches/second.

3) The volume of oil exiting the pipe every minute is approximately 436413.6 cu. in./minute.

4) The volume of oil exiting the pipe every hour is approximately 26184816 cu. in./hour.

5) The volume of oil exiting the pipe every day is approximately 363707.2 cu. ft./day.

6) The volume of oil exiting the pipe every day is approximately 363678cu. ft./day.

7) The volume of oil exiting the pipe every day is approximately 64826.7 bbl/day.

8) The total barrels of oil leaked is approximately 5575099.5 barrels.

9) The total gallons of oil leaked is approximately 234154177.5 gallons.

10) The Deep Water Horizon spill severely harmed marine life, coastal ecosystems, and the fishing and tourism industries, causing long-term ecological and economic damage.

1) The diameter of the pipe is 21 inches, so the radius r is [tex]\frac{21}{2} = 10.5[/tex] inches.

The area A of a circle is given by:

[tex]A = \pi r^2[/tex]

[tex]A = \pi (10.5)^2[/tex]

[tex]A \approx 3.14159 \times 110.25[/tex]

A = 346.36 square inches

So, the circular cross-section is approximately 346.36 sq. in.

2) The oil stream exits the pipe at 21 inches per second.

The volume V per second is given by:

V = Cross-sectional area times Linear rate V = 346.36 * 21

V = 7273.56 cubic inches/second

So, the volume of oil exiting the pipe every second is approximately 7273.56 cubic inches/second.

3) There are 60 seconds in a minute, so:

Volume per minute = 7273.56 times 60

Volume per minute = 436413.6 cubic inches/minute

So, the volume of oil exiting the pipe every minute is approximately 436413.6 cu. in./minute.

4) There are 60 minutes in an hour, so:

Volume per hour = 436413.6 times 60

Volume per hour = 26184816 cubic inches/hour

So, the volume of oil exiting the pipe every hour is approximately 26184816 cu. in./hour.

5) There are 24 hours in a day, so:

Volume per day = 26184816 times 24

Volume per day = 628435584 cubic inches/day

So, the volume of oil exiting the pipe every day is approximately 628435584 cu. in./day.

6) There are 1728 cubic inches in a cubic foot, so:

Cubic feet per day = [tex]\frac{628435584}{1728}[/tex]

Cubic feet per day = 363678 cubic feet/day

So, the volume of oil exiting the pipe every day is approximately 363678 cu. ft./day.

7) Barrels per day =[tex] \frac{363707.2}{5.61}[/tex]

Barrels per day = 64826.7 barrels/day

So, the volume of oil exiting the pipe every day is approximately 64826.7 bbl/day.

8) Multiply bbl/day by 86 days

Total barrels of oil leaked =[tex] 64826.7 \times 86[/tex]

Total barrels of oil leaked = 5575099.5 barrels

So, the total barrels of oil leaked is approximately 5575099.5 barrels.

9) There are 42 U.S. gallons in a barrel of oil, so:

Total gallons of oil leaked = [tex]5575099.5 \times 42[/tex]

Total gallons of oil leaked = 234154177.5 gallons

So, the total gallons of oil leaked is approximately 234154177.5 gallons.

Environmental Impacts of the Deep Water Horizon Oil Spill:

1. Marine Life Damage

- The spill caused massive harm to marine life, including fish, dolphins, sea turtles, and various bird species. The oil contaminated their habitats, leading to a significant decrease in population and disruptions in the food chain.

2. Coastal and Wetland Damage

- The oil reached the shorelines, damaging coastal ecosystems and wetlands. These areas are crucial for many species, serving as breeding and feeding grounds. The contamination of these habitats led to long-term ecological impacts and loss of biodiversity.

3. Economic Impact:

- The fishing and tourism industries were heavily affected. Fishing grounds were contaminated, leading to a loss of income for fishermen and related industries. The tourism industry also suffered as beaches and coastal areas became polluted, deterring visitors and causing economic strain on local communities.

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