Answer :

The two locales of subsurface driving/tunneling are soft ground tunneling and rock tunneling. Soft ground tunneling is used in soils where the ground is weak and unstable, such as clay, silt, and sand. On the other hand, rock tunneling is used when the soil is hard and composed of rocks, such as granite, basalt, and gneiss.

Soft ground tunneling involves the use of a tunnel boring machine (TBM) to bore through the soil, while rock tunneling is done using drilling and blasting techniques. The TBM used in soft ground tunneling is specially designed to handle the soft soil and is equipped with a cutter head that rotates and cuts through the soil. The soil is then transported out of the tunnel using a conveyor belt system or by pumping. Rock tunneling, on the other hand, involves drilling holes into the rock using a drilling rig. The holes are then filled with explosives, and the rock is blasted to create the tunnel. After the blasting is complete, the tunnel is lined with concrete or other materials to prevent collapse and to provide stability to the structure. In conclusion, the choice of subsurface driving/tunneling method depends on the type of soil or rock being excavated. Soft ground tunneling is used in soils where the ground is weak and unstable, while rock tunneling is used when the soil is hard and composed of rocks.

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