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Bacteria and viruses are inactivated by temperatures above 139 ∘C in an autoclave. An autoclave contains steam at 1.00 atm and 100 ∘C.

At what pressure, in atmospheres, will the temperature of the steam in the autoclave reach 139 ∘C, assuming n and V do not change?

Answer :

To answer this question, we will use pressure law which states that:
"At constant volume of a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of the gas is directly proportional to the temperature"

This means that:
Pi / Ti = Pf / Tf where:
Pi is the initial pressure = 1 atm
Ti is the initial temperature = 100 + 273 = 373 degree kelvin
Pf is the final pressure that we want to calculate
Tf is the final temperature = 139 + 273 = 412 degree kelvin

Substitute in the equation with the givens to calculate the pressure as follows:
1 / 373 = Pf / 412
Pf = (1/373) * 412 = 1.104557641 atm

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Rewritten by : Barada

Final answer:

By increasing the internal pressure of an autoclave, the boiling point of water can be raised above the standard 100°C. To achieve a temperature of 139°C, higher than the standard operating temperature of an autoclave, the pressure would need to be adjusted accordingly utilizing principles of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

Explanation:

This question aligns with the concepts of phase changes and vapor pressure. Under normal atmospheric pressure, the boiling point of water is 100°C. However, by increasing the pressure, the boiling point can rise above this temperature, which is how an autoclave operates. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation shows the relationship between vapor pressure and temperature, and we can use it to calculate the pressure required to raise the boiling point of water to 139°C in an autoclave. The pressure required is known as the critical pressure beyond which a substance cannot exist in anything but a gaseous form, regardless of temperature. Since autoclaving primarily involves temperature and pressure manipulations, these scientific concepts are necessary for the operation of an autoclave. Thus, to increase the temperature of steam in an autoclave to 139°C, the pressure inside needs to be properly elevated.

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