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a) State two advantages and two disadvantages of surface mining compared with subsurface mining.

Advantages:
1.
2.

Disadvantages:
1.
2.

Answer :

Final answer:

Surface mining is generally more cost-effective and safer for workers but has significant environmental impacts and alters the landscape. In contrast, subsurface mining minimizes environmental damage and allows access to deeper resources but comes with higher costs and safety risks. Understanding these advantages and disadvantages is essential for informed decision-making in mining practices.


Explanation:

Advantages and Disadvantages of Surface Mining and Subsurface Mining

Mining is a critical industry that can be classified into two main types: surface mining and subsurface mining. Both methods have their pros and cons, which can influence environmental impact, cost, and safety.

Advantages of Surface Mining

  1. Cost-Effectiveness: Surface mining is generally less expensive than subsurface mining due to lower operational costs. It allows for the extraction of a larger amount of minerals, reducing the overall cost of production.
  2. Safety: Workers are less exposed to hazardous conditions, as surface mining operations are often more open and less confined than subsurface mines, which can be prone to collapses and toxic gases.

Disadvantages of Surface Mining

  1. Environmental Impact: Surface mining leads to significant environmental degradation, including habitat destruction, soil erosion, and pollution of water sources from runoff.
  2. Land Use: Large areas of land can be permanently altered, making restoration difficult and impacting local ecosystems and communities.

Advantages of Subsurface Mining

  1. Reduced Environmental Impact: Compared to surface mining, subsurface mining has a smaller physical footprint, which can help preserve the surface environment.
  2. Resource Recovery: It can extract minerals that are deeper underground, which might not be accessible via surface mining methods.

Disadvantages of Subsurface Mining

  1. Higher Costs: This method usually involves higher costs for exploration and extraction, limiting its economic feasibility compared to surface mining.
  2. Safety Hazards: Workers face potential health risks such as cave-ins and exposure to harmful gases, making it a more dangerous profession.

Learn more about Mining methods here:

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