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Answer :
Final answer:
The study about an average of 13 years people who consumed two or more cups of coffee a day were less likely to die during the course of the study than those who drank no coffee is an observational study.
Explanation:
The study described in the question is an observational study. In an observational study, researchers observe and measure variables of interest without trying to influence them which is the case for this coffee consumption study. Participants were not randomly assigned to consume two or more cups of coffee a day or no coffee at all, rather their habits were observed and data was collected accordingly.
On the other hand, a randomized experiment involves investigators assigning subjects to certain groups randomly in order to determine potential causal relationships, this was not the case in the study mentioned.
Thus, observational studies are used to draw associations between variables but do not establish cause and effect relationships. In this particular study, the researchers found an association between coffee consumption and reduced risk of death, but cannot conclude that coffee directly caused the reduced risk.
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