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Answer :
When discussing the solubility of hydroxides ([tex]\(OH^-\)[/tex]), it's important to know the typical solubility rules. Here's a step-by-step explanation to determine which hydroxides are soluble:
1. General Solubility Rule for Hydroxides: Most hydroxide compounds are considered insoluble in water. This means they do not dissolve well and tend to form precipitates.
2. Exceptions to the Rule:
- Group 1 Hydroxides: All the hydroxides of alkali metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) are soluble. These metals belong to Group 1 on the periodic table.
- Ammonium Hydroxide: [tex]\(NH_4OH\)[/tex] (which is actually a solution of ammonia in water) is soluble.
- Heavy Alkaline Earth Metals: Calcium ([tex]\(Ca\)[/tex]), strontium ([tex]\(Sr\)[/tex]), and barium ([tex]\(Ba\)[/tex]) hydroxides are somewhat soluble and are often considered exceptions to the general rule of hydroxides being insoluble.
3. Analyzing the Options Given:
- Option A states that all hydroxides are insoluble, which is incorrect because there are known exceptions.
- Option B includes [tex]\(Ag\)[/tex], [tex]\(Pb\)[/tex], [tex]\(Ca\)[/tex], [tex]\(Sr\)[/tex], and [tex]\(Ba\)[/tex]. Silver ([tex]\(Ag\)[/tex]) and lead ([tex]\(Pb\)[/tex]) hydroxides are typically insoluble, so this is not the correct choice.
- Option C lists [tex]\(Ag\)[/tex], [tex]\(Hg\)[/tex], and [tex]\(Pb\)[/tex], all of which form hydroxides that are generally insoluble, so this is incorrect.
- Option D lists group 1 metals, [tex]\(NH_4^+\)[/tex], [tex]\(Ca\)[/tex], [tex]\(Sr\)[/tex], and [tex]\(Ba\)[/tex]. These are precisely the exceptions to the insolubility rule for hydroxides.
Thus, the correct answer is:
D. group 1, [tex]\(NH_4^+\)[/tex], [tex]\(Ca\)[/tex], [tex]\(Sr\)[/tex], [tex]\(Ba\)[/tex].
1. General Solubility Rule for Hydroxides: Most hydroxide compounds are considered insoluble in water. This means they do not dissolve well and tend to form precipitates.
2. Exceptions to the Rule:
- Group 1 Hydroxides: All the hydroxides of alkali metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) are soluble. These metals belong to Group 1 on the periodic table.
- Ammonium Hydroxide: [tex]\(NH_4OH\)[/tex] (which is actually a solution of ammonia in water) is soluble.
- Heavy Alkaline Earth Metals: Calcium ([tex]\(Ca\)[/tex]), strontium ([tex]\(Sr\)[/tex]), and barium ([tex]\(Ba\)[/tex]) hydroxides are somewhat soluble and are often considered exceptions to the general rule of hydroxides being insoluble.
3. Analyzing the Options Given:
- Option A states that all hydroxides are insoluble, which is incorrect because there are known exceptions.
- Option B includes [tex]\(Ag\)[/tex], [tex]\(Pb\)[/tex], [tex]\(Ca\)[/tex], [tex]\(Sr\)[/tex], and [tex]\(Ba\)[/tex]. Silver ([tex]\(Ag\)[/tex]) and lead ([tex]\(Pb\)[/tex]) hydroxides are typically insoluble, so this is not the correct choice.
- Option C lists [tex]\(Ag\)[/tex], [tex]\(Hg\)[/tex], and [tex]\(Pb\)[/tex], all of which form hydroxides that are generally insoluble, so this is incorrect.
- Option D lists group 1 metals, [tex]\(NH_4^+\)[/tex], [tex]\(Ca\)[/tex], [tex]\(Sr\)[/tex], and [tex]\(Ba\)[/tex]. These are precisely the exceptions to the insolubility rule for hydroxides.
Thus, the correct answer is:
D. group 1, [tex]\(NH_4^+\)[/tex], [tex]\(Ca\)[/tex], [tex]\(Sr\)[/tex], [tex]\(Ba\)[/tex].
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