Answer :

Solar panels work by converting sunlight into electricity using the photoelectric effect within photovoltaic cells. Conduction, convection, and radiation are heat transfer mechanisms that describe how the Sun's energy reaches the Earth and is utilized in solar power technologies.

Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity primarily through a physical process known as the photoelectric effect. The energy from the Sun is absorbed by photovoltaic cells within the solar panel, which consists of two layers of semiconductors. These semiconductors act differently: one has extra electrons while the other has additional spaces for electrons. When sunlight hits the cell, it causes electrons to move through a conductor, creating an electric current.

As for the heat transfer mechanisms of conduction, convection, and radiation, these play a role in how the sun's energy is moved to the Earth and within solar power technologies. Conduction occurs when this energy is transferred through direct contact between objects, like when heat is moved from a pot to its handle. Convection is the transfer of heat by the movement of fluid substances such as air or liquid, shown when hot air rises from a fireplace. Radiation is the transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves, which is how energy from the Sun reaches the Earth.

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