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Answer :
Investigating the subsurface of earth is crucial for various scientific and environmental purposes. The best method for investigating the subsurface depends on the objective and underlying geology. The given methods for investigating the subsurface of earth and their best descriptions are mentioned below:
Mines investigation: The investigation of mines is done to extract ores and minerals, or to investigate the underground environment of the mine. The study involves drilling and mapping the underground tunnels to determine the structure of the rock, identify potential hazards, and to locate mineral deposits. This investigation requires considerable expertise and specialized equipment.
Drill cores: Cylinder-shaped rock samples are extracted by drilling boreholes into the earth, and core samples are collected. These rock samples provide critical information about the subsurface, including mineral composition, rock structures, age, and stratigraphy. Drill cores are essential for investigating geological resources, such as minerals, oil, and gas, and studying geological hazards, such as earthquakes.
Inclusions study: small fragments of rock that are enclosed in another rock are called inclusions. They are critical in understanding the geology of a particular area, as they provide evidence about the history of rock formation. Inclusions are studied in laboratories to understand the age of rocks and their origin.
Surface features study: Surface features such as faults, folds, and erosion patterns provide evidence of the geological history of an area. The study of surface features can reveal the rock layers and structures present in the subsurface. This method is typically used in conjunction with other methods to obtain a complete understanding of the subsurface.
Geophysical surveys: Geophysical surveys use various physical properties of the subsurface to image the subsurface. The surveys are used to investigate a range of subsurface features, including rock structures, groundwater, and minerals. Geophysical surveys involve the use of electromagnetic, magnetic, and seismic waves to measure subsurface properties. The results of geophysical surveys are used to create subsurface models, which are used to guide further subsurface investigation.
In conclusion, the best method for investigating the subsurface depends on the underlying geology and the objective. Mines investigation, drill cores, inclusions study, surface features study, and geophysical surveys are some of the most common methods used to investigate the subsurface.
To know more about seismic waves, refer:
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