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Answer :
Final answer:
A low pressure boiler refers to a system operating below 15 PSIG steam pressure or 160 PSIG water pressure and a temperature of 250 degrees Fahrenheit. It operates in an environment that prevents the water from reaching boiling point or becoming a supercritical fluid.
Explanation:
The term low pressure boiler refers to boilers that operate at a steam or other vapor pressure of 15 PSIG or less or a water or other liquid boiler in which the pressure does not exceed 160 PSIG or a temperature of 250 degrees Fahrenheit. Boilers that adapt these criteria are designed to prevent exceeding this limit because changes in pressure and temperature can affect the phase of water, as illustrated by the phase diagram for water.
A look into the phase diagram for water, Figure 1.12, indicates a relationship between pressure and temperature in determining the phase of water. The solid curves, which act as the boundaries between phases, depict phase transitions, meaning they show the temperatures and pressures at which different phases coexist. For instance, one of the accessible examples is a pressure cooker, which can cook food quickly because the water remains a liquid at temperatures greater than 100°C without boiling away. As the pressure escalates, the boiling point curve ends at a point named the 'critical point', which corresponds to a temperature above which the liquid and gas phases cannot be individualized.
A low pressure boiler, operating under 15 PSIG, functions in this low pressure and temperature environment, preventing the water from reaching its boiling point or becoming a supercritical fluid, a state at which liquid and gas phases cannot be distinguished.
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