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The graphs above show the population size and distribution of beak sizes in a finch population on the island of Daphne Major in the Galapagos in 1976 and 1978. Smaller-beaked finches are better suited for eating grasses and small seeds. Larger-beaked finches are better suited for cracking larger seeds and nuts. In 1977, a drought took place, and the vegetation of the island was affected by the lack of rain.

Which of the following statements best explains the changes in the size and composition of the population of finches after the drought?

A. The total number of finches in the population increased, and the smaller-beaked finches were more successful in the drier environment.
B. The total number of finches in the population increased, and the larger-beaked finches were more successful in the drier environment.
C. The total number of finches in the population decreased, and the smaller-beaked finches were more successful in the drier environment.
D. The total number of finches in the population decreased, and the larger-beaked finches were more successful in the drier environment.

Answer :

Final answer:

The drought in 1977 caused a reduction in small seeds, leading to a decrease in the population of smaller-beaked finches. This resulted in an increase in the population and beak size of larger-beaked finches, signifying an example of evolution by natural selection. The correct option is d.

Explanation:

The correct option is d.

The question is asking about the changes in the size and composition of the population of finches on the island of Daphne Major in the Galapagos in 1976, 1977 when a drought occurred, and 1978. From the given information we know that a drought took place in 1977 and it greatly affected the availability of small seeds which are the primary food source for smaller-beaked finches.

The reduction in these small seeds resulted in a decline in the population of small-beaked finches, subsequently causing an increase in the finches' average beak size between 1976 and 1978.

These observed variations in the population and beak size are an example of evolution by natural selection, a process where traits that enhance survival and reproduction become more common in successive generations.

In this case, the large-beak trait has enhanced survival in an environment with fewer small seeds, leading to the evolution of larger beak sizes in this finch population.

Hence, the most accurate statement that explains the changes in the size and composition of the finch population after the drought is 'd.

The total number of finches in the population decreased, and the larger-beaked finches were more successful in the drier environment.' This is supported by the evidence from the research conducted by Peter and Rosemary Grant on the Galapagos finches.

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