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Answer :
Final answer:
The correct answer to the student's question about Kretschmer's study is option (d) psychological disorders. Kretschmer's work was related to early 20th-century psychology that explored correlations between body types and temperaments, but it was Sheldon's somatotypes that are most noted for this kind of investigation.
Explanation:
Kretschmer was part of an early 20th-century movement in psychology that investigated potential links between one's physical body and psychological traits. However, it was William Herbert Sheldon who became most associated with this line of thought through his theory of somatotypes. In Sheldon's theory, developed in the 1940s, three body types were proposed: ectomorphs (thin and intellectual), endomorphs (more body fat and assertive), and mesomorphs (muscular and aggressive). Sheldon's research claimed to link these body types to personality and even behavior such as criminality. It's important to note that subsequent scientific research did not validate the predictions of somatology, and consequently, this theory has been largely discredited in modern psychology.
Meanwhile, the theory that attempted to correlate personality with skull measurements is known as phrenology, which is also scientifically discredited. The notion that bodily humors influence temperament dates back to antiquity and was largely related to medicine and philosophy rather than psychology. Therefore, the correct answer to the question about Kretschmer's examination of the relationship between physique and psychological disorders is option (d).
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