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Answer :
Final answer:
The late pathway, also known as the indirect pathway, involves the basal nuclei and is responsible for decreasing motor activity by inhibiting the cerebral cortex. It is the longer pathway with additional connections, including the external segment of the globus pallidus and the subthalamic nucleus. Dysfunction in this pathway, as seen in Parkinson's disease, leads to reduced movement and rigidity.
Explanation:
In the context of the basal nuclei and their role in movement control, the late pathway begins at the striatum and projects to the globus pallidus external segment (GPe), then to the subthalamic nucleus (STN), and finally targets the globus pallidus internal segment (GPi) or the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr). This indirect pathway results in decreased activity in the cerebral cortex, thereby reducing motor activity. In the case of Parkinson's disease, due to the depletion of neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and a corresponding loss of dopamine, the direct pathway, which normally increases cortical movement commands, is less active. In contrast, the indirect pathway, which results in the normal inhibition of the thalamus and thus less motor activity, becomes overactive. This imbalance leads to the hallmark hypokinetic disorder seen in individuals with Parkinson's disease, characterized by diminished movement and rigidity.
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