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Answer :
Final answer:
The method used to extract oil and natural gas through the technique of pumping water, sand, and chemicals at high pressure is called hydraulic fracturing, or fracking. This process involves drilling into the earth to create pathways and release fossil fuels from shale or other rock formations.
Explanation:
Hydraulic Fracturing for Oil and Natural Gas Extraction
The method used to extract oil and natural gas from shale or other rock by releasing electrical charges, pumping in a slurry of water, sand, and chemicals, and bringing the resulting mixture to the surface is known as hydraulic fracturing. This technique involves drilling down into the earth and directing a high-pressure mixture into the rock formation to create new pathways and release fossil fuels. In the realm of oil and gas extraction, hydraulic fracturing, often referred to as fracking, has become a significant and controversial technique due to its environmental impacts, such as the potential contamination of groundwater.
For the extraction of shale gas and oil, the high-pressure fluids injected underground cause the rock layer to crack. These cracks are then held open by the sand particles in the mixture, allowing natural gas or oil to flow up the well. The process is often enhanced by drilling horizontally to increase the contact with the resource-rich shale. The complexity of modern fracking operations reflects the challenges faced as easily accessible reserves are depleted, requiring more sophisticated methods to extract remaining fossil fuels.
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