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Answer :
Final answer:
The given parenteral nutrition solution with 24 mmol of phosphate and 12 mEq of calcium is unsafe as it exceeds the safe limit of 45 mEq/L. For kidney stone considerations, the maximum phosphate ion concentration in urine is 2.28 × 10⁻⁷ M and the minimum Ca²+ concentration required to potentially cause stones is 3.42 × 10⁻⁷ M.
Explanation:
The student's question pertains to the safe limits of combined calcium and phosphorus in a parenteral nutrition (PN) solution. In this PN order, we have Phosphate 24 mmol and Calcium 12 mEq.
To determine whether this combination is safe, we must first convert the phosphate mmol to mEq, considering that there are 2 mEq of PO4 per mmol, which gives us 48 mEq of phosphate. Adding the 12 mEq of calcium to the 48 mEq of phosphate results in a total of 60 mEq. Since it exceeds the 45 mEq/L limit, this PN solution is considered unsafe.
Related to urinary calculi and kidney stone formation, when considering the solubility of calcium phosphate, the maximum molarity levels for phosphate ions in urine before the risk of calculus formation increases is 2.28 × 10⁻⁷ M.
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