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Match the description/example of each threat to internal validity with the name of the threat that it best represents.

1. The school librarian wanted to study the impact on reading scores of providing reading games on tablets to students. Students from Mrs. Jones’s advanced reading group were given tablets with reading games, and those from her remedial reading group were not. Their reading comprehension scores were compared after three months.

2. A librarian in a corporation with 400 research scientists calculated the mean number of documents requested from the library by the scientists. He then separated out the 50 scientists with the lowest number of requested documents and calculated that this group of 50 requested a mean of 2.7 documents per month. For the next six months, he sent these 50 "low requesting scientists" a weekly reminder of the services of the library. At the end of this six months, he calculated the mean request for documents by these 50 scientists and found that the average had increased to 3.2 documents.

3. A school librarian carried out a study to see if the number of books read in a semester was related to the number of book talks given by the librarian. During the study, the local public library initiated a read-a-thon with prizes for most books read.

4. Changes within a subject that would occur naturally as a process of time.

5. A public librarian conducted a study to determine the effectiveness in providing online training to young adults in the use of the library's system to access e-books. The young adults were asked how many e-books they had checked out in the month prior to the study, and this number was compared with the amount checked out the month following the training.

6. As part of a study to determine whether particular training materials impacted the quality of articles retrieved by 25 clients, four judges used a rating scale from 0-5 to represent the quality of each article.

7. Fifty first-grade students were randomly assigned to two treatment groups. During the study, eight of the students in one of the groups came down with measles and missed the entire week of the study.

Match from:

- Statistical regression
- Instrumentation
- Experimental mortality
- History
- Maturation
- Testing
- Selection

Answer :

The threats to internal validity in these scenarios include selection, history, testing, maturation, instrumentation, and experimental mortality.

1. The threat to internal validity in the first scenario is "selection." This is because the librarian selectively assigned the tablets with reading games to the advanced reading group and did not provide them to the remedial reading group. This creates a potential bias in the comparison of reading comprehension scores between the two groups, as the groups may have had different initial reading abilities.

2. The threat to internal validity in the second scenario is "history." This is because the librarian implemented a weekly reminder of library services to a specific group of scientists for six months. During this time, other external factors or events could have influenced the scientists' document request behavior, leading to the observed increase in mean document requests. For example, there might have been changes in their research projects or access to alternative resources that affected their document needs.

3. The threat to internal validity in the third scenario is "testing." This is because the study involves assessing the relationship between the number of book talks given by the librarian and the number of books read by students. However, during the study, the local public library initiated a read-a-thon with prizes for most books read. This event could have influenced the students' reading behavior, making it difficult to isolate the impact of the librarian's book talks on the number of books read.

4. The threat to internal validity in the fourth scenario is "maturation." This refers to changes within a subject that occur naturally over time. In this study, the librarian aims to determine the effectiveness of online training on e-book access. By comparing the number of e-books checked out by young adults before and after the training, the study assumes that any change in the number of e-books checked out is solely due to the training. However, other factors such as personal growth, increased familiarity with e-books, or changes in reading interests could also contribute to the observed differences.

5. The threat to internal validity in the fifth scenario is "instrumentation." This refers to changes in the measurement instruments used. In this study, the judges use a rating scale to assess the quality of articles retrieved by the clients. If the judges' interpretation of the rating scale changes over time, or if they become more lenient or stringent in their judgments, it could introduce measurement error and affect the observed results.

6. The threat to internal validity in the sixth scenario is "experimental mortality." This occurs when participants drop out or are lost during the course of the study. In this case, eight students from one treatment group contracted measles and missed the entire week of the study. Their absence could potentially bias the results if their characteristics or responses differ from those who completed the study. It is important to account for this dropout and analyze the data accordingly, considering the potential impact of missing participants.

In conclusion, the threats to internal validity in these scenarios include selection, history, testing, maturation, instrumentation, and experimental mortality. These threats should be properly considered and addressed in order to draw valid conclusions from the studies.

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