Answer :

Final answer:

Two long-term factors that contributed to the outbreak of World War I in 1914 are nationalism and militarism. Nationalism intensified competition and conflict among European nations, while militarism led to an arms race that fostered a climate ripe for war. These factors created underlying tensions that ultimately culminated in the global conflict.


Explanation:

Long Term Factors Leading to World War I


World War I, which broke out in 1914, was the result of numerous factors that had developed over decades. Among these, two significant long-term factors were nationalism and militarism.


1. Nationalism


Nationalism refers to the intense pride and loyalty individuals feel towards their nation. In the years leading up to World War I, many countries in Europe experienced a surge in national pride that often translated into competitive and aggressive policies. For instance, the unification of Germany in 1871 created a powerful nation-state that sought to assert itself militarily and economically against France and Britain. Additionally, ethnic groups within multi-national empires, such as the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires, sought independence and self-determination, contributing to tension and conflict.


2. Militarism


Militarism is the belief that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests. Prior to 1914, European nations were in an arms race, significantly increasing their military expenditures and developing large standing armies. For example, Germany and France engaged in a build-up of their armies and navies, creating an atmosphere of distrust and fear. This military buildup not only created a sense of invincibility among leaders but also made the prospect of war seem more feasible and acceptable, leading to the eventual outbreak of World War I when the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand triggered existing tensions.


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