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Answer :
Sociologist Robert Merton developed strain theory.
Strain theory, also known as Merton's strain theory, was developed by sociologist Robert Merton in the mid-20th century. It is a sociological theory that seeks to explain deviant behavior by examining the disconnect between socially accepted goals and the means available to achieve those goals.
According to strain theory, individuals experience strain or pressure when they are unable to achieve culturally prescribed goals through legitimate means. Merton identified five possible adaptations or responses to this strain:
- Conformity: Individuals accept both the culturally prescribed goals and the legitimate means to achieve them.
- Innovation: Individuals accept the culturally prescribed goals but resort to illegitimate or unconventional means to attain them.
- Ritualism: Individuals abandon the pursuit of culturally prescribed goals but still conform to the means and rules.
- Retreatism: Individuals reject both the culturally prescribed goals and the means to achieve them, retreating from society.
- Rebellion: Individuals reject both the culturally prescribed goals and the means to achieve them, actively seeking to replace them with alternative goals and means.
Merton's strain theory provides a framework for understanding how social structures and cultural expectations can contribute to deviant behavior. It suggests that when individuals face strain or a lack of opportunities to achieve success through legitimate means, they may turn to deviant behavior as an alternative.
The other options provided in the question, such as deviance theory, modern sociology, and a defense of white-collar crime, are not theories developed by Robert Merton.
- Deviance theory is a broad term that encompasses various theories explaining deviant behavior, strain theory being one of them.
- Modern sociology is a general term referring to the contemporary study and theories within the field of sociology.
- A defense of white-collar crime does not correspond to a theory developed by Robert Merton, but rather refers to a potential argument or perspective regarding white-collar crimes, which are non-violent, financially motivated offenses typically committed by individuals in positions of power or high social status.
The question should be:
Sociologist Robert Merton developed __________.
a. deviance theory
b. a defense of white-collar crime
c. strain theory
d. modern sociologyZ
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