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Answer :
36.1 Differentiate between selection and heritability.
Selection and heritability are important concepts in the field of genetics and breeding.
Selection refers to the process by which certain traits or characteristics are chosen for reproduction. This can be natural selection, where environmental factors determine which traits are advantageous and thus more likely to be passed on, or artificial selection, where humans deliberately select for specific traits when breeding plants and animals. Selection aims to increase the frequency of desired genes in a population.
Heritability, on the other hand, is a measure of how much of the variation in a trait can be attributed to genetic differences among individuals within a population. It is usually expressed as a percentage or a value between 0 and 1. Heritability indicates the potential for a trait to respond to selection; higher heritability means that a trait is more likely to be passed on to the next generation.
36.3 State two related breeding systems not mentioned in the case study.
Two related breeding systems that are commonly used include:
Crossbreeding: This involves mating individuals from different breeds or genetic lines to introduce new gene combinations, increase hybrid vigor (heterosis), or combine desirable traits from both parent lines.
Inbreeding: This system involves mating closely related individuals. It is used to produce uniform or pure lines and to fix certain desired traits in the population, though it can sometimes lead to increased occurrence of undesirable traits due to reduced genetic diversity.
36.4 Explain the importance of using estimated breeding values in breeding.
Using Estimated Breeding Values (EBVs) is crucial in animal and plant breeding programs because they provide a numerical predictor of an individual's genetic potential for specific traits. EBVs are calculated using statistical models that take into account the animal's performance, the performance of its relatives, and the heritability of the trait.
The importance of EBVs includes:
Improving Selection Accuracy: EBVs provide breeders with a more accurate assessment of an individual's genetic value, allowing for better selection decisions when choosing breeding stock.
Increasing Genetic Gain: By selecting individuals with higher EBVs, breeders can achieve faster genetic progress and improvement in the traits of interest within their breeding programs.
Reducing the Generation Interval: With the enhanced accuracy of EBVs, breeders can make more informed decisions at an earlier age reducing the time between generations and speeding up the breeding cycle.
Overall, EBVs serve as a critical tool for optimizing breeding outcomes and maintaining the genetic health and productivity of breeding populations.
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