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Answer :
B) Being mentally disordered may cause people to commit violent crimes and to watch violent television programs.
This third variable, mental disorder, could be the actual cause of the correlation, making it seem as though violent television leads to violent behavior when, in fact, both could be symptoms of the same underlying issue.
The third variable problem refers to a situation where a hidden or unaccounted-for variable influences both variables in a correlation, making it seem like there’s a direct cause-and-effect relationship between them.
In this example, the correlation between watching violent television programs and committing violent crimes might not imply causation because another variable could be influencing both behaviors.
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Final answer:
Option (b) illustrates the 3rd variable problem by suggesting that a mental disorder could be an underlying factor causing both higher consumption of violent television and a higher incidence of violent crimes. This example highlights how direct causation between two correlated factors cannot be assumed without considering other potential influences. The complexity of the relationship between media violence and aggression necessitates ongoing research and discourse. So correct option is B.
Explanation:
The question concerns the 3rd variable problem, often seen in social science research, particularly with regards to a correlation between watching violent television programs and committing violent crimes. The potential issue here is that this observed correlation does not necessarily imply causation due to possible underlying factors - better known as the 3rd variable problem. In this context, we're considering factors that might provide an alternative explanation to the direct causal relationship.
Option (b), 'Being mentally disordered may cause people to commit violent crimes and to watch violent television programs,' best illustrates the 3rd variable problem in this example. This is because the presence of a mental disorder could independently lead to both an increased likelihood of watching violent television and committing violent crimes, without the two being causally linked. This potential confounding variable must be accounted for to accurately discern the nature of the relationship between media consumption and aggressive behavior.
Research shows a strong correlation between violent media consumption and aggression, but determining the direction of causation or the presence of third variables is complex. Experiments and observations, such as the work of Albert Bandura, have contributed to the understanding that media can influence behavior through observational learning. However, cultural, biological, and psychological factors may also play significant roles in aggressive behavior, creating a multifaceted issue that requires careful consideration of all variables.
Some argue for reducing violent content in the media as a means to reduce aggressive behavior in society. However, such proposals face opposition from civil libertarians on the grounds of potential censorship and First Amendment rights. Media's impact on society, especially the potential for media violence to lead to real-world aggression, remains a contentious topic that continues to inspire debate and further study.
