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Prevention: Improvements in hygiene or sanitation do not reduce the burden of rotavirus disease; the incidence of hospitalizations due to diarrhea was ~40% in high-income or low-income countries before the introduction of rotavirus vaccines. Between the discovery of rotavirus in 1973 and 1990, basic research cleared the path for vaccine development (Glass R, Tate J, Jiang B, Parashar U (2021). Thus, vaccination against rotavirus is the best measure to prevent rotavirus disease. Two rotavirus vaccines are used worldwide: the RV5 vaccine, RotaTeq (Merck, USA), and the RV1 vaccine, Rotarix (GlaxoSmithKline, Belgium). The RV5 vaccine is a live attenuated, pentavalent vaccine, which is composed of five bovine–human reassortant rotaviruses that express either human VP4 or VP7 from rotavirus strains G1, G2, G3, G4 and P1A. In the United States, the RV5 vaccine is given in three doses at 2, 4 and 6 months of age. The RV1 vaccine is a monovalent, live attenuated human virus vaccine containing rotavirus strain 89–12, which was initially isolated from a child with G1P rotavirus-induced gastroenteritis, and in the United States, this vaccine is given in two doses at 2 and 4 months of age. For both vaccines, similar dose schedules and age schedules are used in most countries worldwide, although alternative schedules have been evaluated in clinical trials. Both vaccines are highly effective in preventing severe rotavirus disease in high-income countries but reduce the incidence of severe rotavirus disease by ~50–60% in many low-income countries. Although the factors that determine the diminished effectiveness in less developed countries are not fully understood, both vaccines save more lives in low-income countries because of the higher rotavirus disease burden and mortality in these countries. Both the RV1 vaccine and the RV5 vaccine have a good safety record. There are two rotavirus vaccines licensed for use in infants in the United States: RotaTeq® (RV5), which is given in three doses at 2 months, 4 months, and 6 months of age. Rotarix® (RV1), which is given in two doses at 2 months and 4 months of age. The first dose of rotavirus vaccine should be given before a child is 15 weeks (about 3 and a half months) of age. Children should receive all doses of rotavirus vaccine before they turn 8 months of age. Both vaccines are given by putting drops in the infant’s mouth

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Answer :

Final answer:

Rotavirus vaccines, RV5 (RotaTeq) and RV1 (Rotarix), although not as effective in reducing disease incidence in low-income countries, save more lives due to the high disease burden. Both vaccines are proven safe and are administered to infants before they reach 8 months of age.

Explanation:

Rotavirus disease cannot be significantly reduced through improvements in hygiene or sanitation. The number of hospitalizations due to diarrhea remained substantial at about 40% in both developed and developing societies before the introduction of rotavirus vaccines. The vaccines, including RotaTeq (RV5) from Merck, USA, and Rotarix (RV1) from GlaxoSmithKline, Belgium, have proven highly effective in preventing rotavirus diseases.

RV5 is a live pentavalent vaccine that contains five bovine–human reassortant rotaviruses expressing human VP4 or VP7 from strains G1, G2, G3, G4 and P1A. It is given in three doses at 2, 4, and 6 months of age in the United States. The RV1 is a monovalent live vaccine containing rotavirus strain 89–12, initially isolated from a child with rotavirus-induced gastroenteritis. It is administered in two doses at ages 2 and 4 months.

Despite their high effectiveness in developed countries, both vaccines only reduce severe rotavirus disease incidence by about 50–60% in many underprivileged countries. However, it is important to note that they save more lives in these countries due to the high disease burden and mortality rates. Both RV5 and RV1 have good safety records and are recommended to be administered before the child reaches 8 months of age.

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