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11. What is atmospheric refraction? What causes atmospheric refraction?

12. Draw a neat and labeled diagram of the experimental setup for observing the scattering of light in a colloidal solution of sulfur to show how the sky appears blue and the sun appears red at sunrise and sunset.

Answer :

1) Atmospheric refraction is the bending of light as it passes through Earth's atmosphere. It occurs because the atmosphere consists of layers with varying densities.

2) The image is shown in the image attached.

The bending of light as it travels through Earth's atmosphere is known as atmospheric refraction. It happens because light slows down and changes direction when it passes through the different densities of the atmosphere's layers.

The light waves bend toward the denser medium because of the difference in air density, which is mostly caused by changes in temperature and pressure. Effects like the sun's apparent position at sunrise and sunset and the stars' twinkling are caused by this phenomenon.

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