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Differentiate the purposes between the components of the various safety models:

1. Swiss Cheese Model
2. Shell Model
3. 5-Factor Model

Explain their relationship.

Answer :

All three models share a common theme which is to depict the interactions between different layers or factors in a system to assess its safety level.

The Swiss Cheese Model is a model used to represent a number of independent layers of protection, that provides for risk mitigation in any organization. The model was introduced by James Reason in 1990 and it identifies several levels of defense that can be used to mitigate the impact of any safety event. This model emphasizes that it is the errors of many of these layers that must align for a safety event to occur.

The SHELL model is a systematic model used to analyze the interactions between the software, hardware, environment, and liveware of a system. It aims at capturing the critical issues of the safety system and integrates the human element into the overall system. The model was first proposed by Hawkins and O’Hare in 1994, it depicts the system as an onion with several layers. Its purpose is to provide a model that takes into account the various levels of the system in assessing its safety.

The Five Factors Model of accident causation is a model developed by James Reason in 1997, it identifies five factors that lead to the occurrence of accidents, these factors include - Preconditions, Unsafe acts, Unsafe supervision, Organizational influences, and Latent failures. This model emphasizes that most accidents are caused by a series of factors that come together to create the perfect conditions for an accident to occur. Its purpose is to depict the various factors that can contribute to an accident and how they interact to cause the accident.

The Swiss Cheese Model focuses on the different layers of protection that can be used to prevent an accident, while the SHELL model focuses on the different levels of the system in assessing its safety. The Five Factor Model, on the other hand, identifies the various factors that lead to the occurrence of accidents. All three models share a common theme which is to depict the interactions between different layers or factors in a system to assess its safety level.

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