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Which of the following is the best example of reciprocity?

1. Caecilian offspring eat the skin of their mothers for their first meal.
2. Crows and blackbirds make warning calls to each other when danger is nearby.
3. Fire ant queens that have the dominant allele for Gp-9 are accepted by any colony with a queen that possesses the same allele.
4. Younger wolves hunt together with older wolves in a pack.

Answer :

Reciprocity in biology occurs when organisms offer assistance to each other with the expectation that the favor will be returned in the future. The best example of reciprocity from the given options is:

  1. Crows and blackbirds make warning calls to each other when a danger is nearby.

This is an example of reciprocity because both species benefit mutually from warning each other of approaching danger. When one bird warns another, it reduces the risk of predation for both species. Over time, this mutual cooperation strengthens their ability to survive, as each bird knows it can rely on others to alert it to threats.

The other options do not exemplify reciprocity in a straightforward way:

  1. In the case of caecilian offspring, they consume the mother’s skin as a first meal, which appears to be a form of parental investment rather than reciprocity.

  2. The acceptance of fire ant queens based on a shared allele is more of a genetic trait related to social structure rather than a reciprocal interaction.

  3. Younger wolves hunting with older wolves in a pack illustrates cooperative behavior, which is more about group behavior dynamics rather than direct reciprocation of favors.

Thus, option 2 is the choice that best fits the definition of reciprocity in biological terms.

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