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19.

(a) What is integrated pest management (IPM)?

(b) What benefits does the farmer get as a result of practicing IPM?

(c) Explain the difference between avoidance and prevention as tactics in IPM.

20.

(a) Define cultural control methods with respect to insect pest management.

(b) Discuss in detail any two components of cultural control of pests in a crop field.

Answer :

Cultural control methods offer sustainable and environmentally friendly options for managing crop fields, reducing the reliance on chemical pesticides and promoting long-term crop health and productivity.

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a sustainable approach to managing pests that aims to minimize the use of chemical pesticides and prioritize environmentally friendly methods.


(b) Farmers practicing IPM can benefit in several ways. Firstly, it reduces the reliance on chemical pesticides, which can be expensive and harmful to the environment and human health.

Additionally, IPM promotes the conservation of beneficial organisms, such as natural predators and parasites, which can help control pest populations. This approach also promotes sustainable agriculture practices and enhances long-term crop health and productivity.

(c) In IPM, avoidance and prevention are two tactics used to manage pest populations. Avoidance involves practices that minimize contact between pests and crops.

This can include crop rotation, proper sanitation, and monitoring systems to detect early signs of pest presence. The main difference between avoidance and prevention is that avoidance focuses on minimizing contact with pests, while prevention aims to stop pest infestations before they occur.


20. (a) Cultural control methods in insect pest management refer to practices that manipulate the crop environment or cultural practices to reduce pest populations. These methods rely on altering factors such as planting time, spacing, and crop management techniques to make the environment less favorable for pests.

(b) Two components of cultural control in a crop field are crop rotation and trap cropping. Crop rotation involves planting different crops in a sequence or rotation to disrupt pest life cycles and reduce the buildup of pest populations.


Cultural control methods offer sustainable and environmentally friendly options for managing insect pests in crop fields, reducing the reliance on chemical pesticides and promoting long-term crop health and productivity.

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