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Cesare Lombroso identified three types of criminals: a) Born criminals, Insane criminals, and Criminaloids, based on the notion that criminality could be biologically determined. His theory, part of the Italian School of Criminology, suggested that criminals were biological throwbacks who could be identified by certain physical traits. These ideas, supported by Enrico Ferri and Raffaele Garofalo, contributed to early biological explanations of criminality.
Explanation:
The three different types of criminals distinguished by Cesare Lombroso are a) Born criminals, Insane criminals, and Criminaloids. Lombroso, a pivotal figure in the Italian School of Criminology, posited that criminality was inherent in some individuals—a concept influenced by his understanding of evolution and traits like atavism, which he used to denote the reemergence of ancestral physiological traits. Lombroso’s theory proposed that such individuals were biological throwbacks, portraying a primitive stage of human evolution, and could be identified by specific physical features that he believed were linked to criminal behavior.
Lombroso’s contemporary, Enrico Ferri, expanded upon his work, focusing on the implications for penology and criminal detention. Ferri suggested that as criminals acted based on their biological nature, traditional concepts of deterrence or rehabilitation were less relevant, advocating for extended detention. Raffaele Garofalo, another prominent figure in the Italian School, sought to define crime in 'natural' terms, basing his views on a perceived violation of universal human laws by those he considered 'unnatural.'
The ideas put forth by Lombroso and his successors sparked significant debate, becoming foundational to early biological explanations of criminality and influencing subsequent criminological studies. Despite being later discredited due to methodological flaws and ethical considerations, Lombroso's biological theories on criminality have had a lasting impact on the field.
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