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Answer :
Final answer:
The additional step required to recover bitumen from tar sands in the subsurface is lateral drilling. (Option 4).
Explanation:
Lateral drilling is a crucial process in recovering bitumen from tar sands in the subsurface. While steps like open-pit mining, heating with steam or solvent, and dilution before refining are essential in various extraction methods, lateral drilling plays a unique role in subsurface extraction.
In the recovery of bitumen from tar sands, particularly in subsurface deposits, lateral drilling is essential for accessing the resource efficiently. Unlike open-pit mining, which is feasible for surface deposits, subsurface tar sands necessitate a different approach. Lateral drilling involves drilling boreholes horizontally through the underground formations containing the bitumen-rich sands. This technique allows access to the bitumen deposits without disturbing the surface, minimizing environmental impact and land disturbance.
Once the lateral wells are drilled, steam or solvents can be injected into the formations to heat or dissolve the bitumen, facilitating its extraction. This method is more efficient and environmentally friendly compared to surface mining techniques, as it reduces the footprint on the surface and minimizes habitat disruption.
Additionally, lateral drilling enables operators to reach deeper and more remote tar sand deposits, expanding the potential for resource extraction. It also allows for the recovery of bitumen from areas where surface mining may not be practical or economically viable.
In conclusion, while various techniques are employed in bitumen recovery from tar sands, lateral drilling stands out as a crucial step in subsurface extraction, providing access to the resource while minimizing environmental impact and maximizing resource recovery. (Option 4).
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