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Answer :
Final answer:
The principle of uniformitarianism states that current geological processes have shaped Earth's surface over time. Subsurface mining tends to be safer for the environment but has risks for miners, while surface mining can lead to significant environmental damage. Reclamation focuses on making land usable again, while restoration aims to return ecosystems to their original state.
Explanation:
1) Describe the principle of uniformitarianism.
The principle of uniformitarianism is a geological concept that suggests the processes that shape the Earth today, such as erosion, sedimentation, and volcanic activity, have been occurring in a similar manner throughout its history. This principle implies that by understanding current geological processes, scientists can infer how past geological events occurred. For example, if we observe a river cutting through rock today, we can conclude that ancient rivers also shaped landscapes in a comparable way over millions of years.
2) Compare and contrast the safety and environmental impacts of subsurface mining vs. surface mining.
Subsurface mining typically involves digging tunnels or shafts to reach minerals located deep underground, which can be safer for the environment as it leaves the surface relatively intact. However, it poses dangers such as tunnel collapses and exposure to harmful gases. In contrast, surface mining removes large areas of the surface and can lead to significant environmental degradation, including deforestation, habitat destruction, and soil erosion, but it is often less dangerous for miners since they work closer to the surface where they have better ventilation and accessibility.
3) Explain the difference between the terms reclamation and restoration in reference to mining.
Reclamation refers to the process of making land that has been disturbed by mining operations usable again, which often involves removing equipment, filling in pits, and preparing the land for other uses. Meanwhile, restoration is a more complex process focused on returning the ecosystem to its original state or improving it, which may include replanting native vegetation and restoring wildlife habitats. While both terms aim to mitigate the environmental effects of mining, reclamation is typically more focused on land usability, whereas restoration emphasizes ecological integrity.
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