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Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict drew a distinction between shame and guilt, with guilt being applied most often to men and shame being applied most often to women. What did they say about shame and guilt?

1) Shame is external and guilt is internal.
2) Shame is a more dominant social sanction in Western societies.
3) Guilt is external and shame is internal.
4) Both shame and guilt are applied most often to women.

Answer :

Shame is external and reflects societal judgment, whereas guilt is an internal feeling of remorse. Shame can permanently damage social standing, while guilt can allow for personal redemption. Social norms related to sexuality often invoke shame and can result in severe consequences.

Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict made distinctions between shame and guilt, which are key concepts in understanding individual and social behavior. Shame is considered external, as it reflects society's judgment on one's behavior and outward appearance, irrespective of motive or intention. It signifies a loss of power and status, as one's societal standing is diminished due to actions seen as unacceptable. Guilt, on the other hand, is seen as internal, associated with the individual's conscience and the remorse they feel for wrongdoing.

Shame punishments, particularly within legal systems or societal responses, risk permanently tarnishing an individual's identity, while guilt-based punishments focus on the wrongful act itself, allowing the possibility of redemption and change. Contemporary Western society relies more on guilt as a mode of social control, whereas other societies may emphasize shame, especially in matters involving perceived sexual impropriety or violations of social norms. In these cases, honor and shame are closely linked to society's views on sexuality and appropriate behavior, with harsh repercussions for transgressions.

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