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This response provides definitions for 13 key terms related to meiosis, emphasizing the processes and structures involved in sexual reproduction and genetic variation. Each term is clearly defined to enhance understanding of meiosis. Key concepts include diploid and haploid cells, gametes, and the mechanisms that increase genetic diversity.
Explanation:
Definitions of Key Academic Vocabulary Terms for Meiosis
- Meiosis: A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in four genetically diverse haploid cells. It is crucial for sexual reproduction.
- Diploid Cell: A cell that contains two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent (2n). In humans, diploid cells have 46 chromosomes.
- Gamete: A haploid reproductive cell (sperm or egg) that fuses during fertilization to form a diploid zygote.
- Haploid Cell: A cell that contains only one complete set of chromosomes (n), such as gametes in humans which have 23 chromosomes.
- Replication: The process by which a cell duplicates its DNA before cell division, ensuring that each new cell receives an accurate copy of the genetic material.
- Sister Chromatid: Identical copies of a single chromosome, produced during DNA replication, which are joined together at the centromere until they are separated during cell division.
- Tetrad: A structure that forms during meiosis where two homologous chromosomes (each consisting of two sister chromatids) come together, allowing for crossing over and genetic variation.
- Chromatid: One half of a duplicated chromosome, which becomes a separate chromosome during cell division.
- Fertilization: The fusion of two gametes (sperm and egg) to form a zygote, which is the first step in the development of a new organism.
- Genetic Variability: The variation in alleles and genotypes within a population; meiosis promotes this through independent assortment and crossing over.
- Inheritable: Characteristics or traits that can be passed from parents to offspring through genes.
- Sexual Reproduction: A biological process where two parents contribute genetic material to produce offspring, leading to genetic diversity.
- Centromere: The region on a chromosome where the two sister chromatids are joined together and where spindle fibers attach during cell division.
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