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Answer :
Final answer:
The Balinese Rice Temple System, known for its cooperative water management and religiously integrated practices, stands in contrast to the 'hydraulic despotism' model of centralized and coercive control over irrigation systems.
Explanation:
The Balinese Rice Temple System is an example of agricultural organization that does not fit well with the theory of 'hydraulic despotism', which suggests centralized control and coercion are necessary for the maintenance of large-scale irrigation systems. In Bali, an intricate system of water temples coordinates the water distribution among rice paddies, with a focus on communal management and religious ceremonies that align with local Hindu and Buddhist beliefs. This system is known for its subak, a democratic and social institution that manages the water resources and rice fields. The Balinese system is a complex, cooperative network that enables fair water distribution, guided by a philosophy that integrates religious reverence with agricultural practices. Religious rituals play a vital role in the operation and maintenance of this system, encompassing rites and festivals aimed at honoring natural elements and ensuring harmonious relations with the spiritual realm.
Comparatively, historical systems like the ones in Egypt during the Mamluk period were categorized into local (baladi) and regional (sultani) systems, whereby the latter were centrally controlled and linked to the broader Nile River system. The distinction between these historical systems and the Balinese system suggests a decentralized mode of operation in Bali that nevertheless sustains an effective and equitable distribution of water for rice cultivation, without the hallmark of dictatorship often associated with large irrigation projects. The efficacy of the Balinese system is also attributed to the cultural and religious aspects that promote communal cooperation and environmental reverence.
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