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Answer :
The differences in intelligence test scores between 40-year-olds and 60-year-olds are more likely to be attributed to cohort effects, which is Cohort effects.. Correct option is b.
Cohort effects refer to the impact of a person's birth cohort or generation on their life experiences and outcomes. When comparing the intelligence test scores of individuals from different age groups, such as 40-year-olds and 60-year-olds, it's important to consider that they grew up in different time periods and experienced different educational, cultural, and environmental influences. These differences in life experiences and opportunities can influence their performance on intelligence tests.
Here's why the other options are less likely to explain the differences:
**a. Secular trends**: Secular trends refer to long-term, gradual changes in a population's characteristics. While they can influence some aspects of cognitive development, they are unlikely to explain the relatively short-term differences between 40-year-olds and 60-year-olds.
**c. Declining IQ with age**: While there may be some small age-related declines in specific cognitive abilities with advancing age, significant differences in intelligence test scores between 40-year-olds and 60-year-olds are not primarily due to general cognitive decline. In fact, some cognitive abilities may remain stable or even improve with age.
**d. Biases in IQ testing**: While there can be biases in IQ testing, these biases are typically systematic and affect individuals from different age groups equally. They are less likely to explain why one age group consistently outperforms another in intelligence tests.
In summary, cohort effects, which involve generational differences in life experiences, are a reasonable explanation for why 40-year-olds and 60-year-olds may show differences in intelligence test scores.
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