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Critics of the GTC argue that white-collar criminals and organized crime bosses:

A. seem more calculating than impulsive.

B. are capable of showing empathy to their clientele and, thus, are able to control their impulses.

C. are more likely to be impulsive than street criminals.

D. are not impacted by the need for immediate gratification.

Answer :

Final answer:

White-collar criminals and organized crime bosses are characterized as more calculating than impulsive, contrasting with the impulsivity-focused General Theory of Crime. They engage in well-planned acts of crime such as financial fraud, which often result in substantial yet under-punished societal harm. The correct multiple-choice option is (A).

Explanation:

Critics of the General Theory of Crime (GTC) make the argument that white-collar criminals and organized crime bosses differ from the profiles of conventional street criminals in several ways. They suggest that white-collar criminals and leaders of organized crime are more calculating than impulsive, which contests the GTC's emphasis on impulsivity as a core trait of criminal behavior. These individuals often manage complex, illegal enterprises that require strategic planning and an ability to delay gratification for long-term gains. Instead of acting on impulse, they engage in crimes that are often meticulously orchestrated, such as financial fraud or running a criminal organization, both of which can have substantial and widespread consequences on society at large and economies.

In contrast to street crimes, which might be committed more impulsively and typically result in immediate but lesser harm, the calculated nature of white-collar crimes and organized crime can lead to much more significant financial and societal damage, yet they are frequently under-punished in comparison. This discrepancy in how crimes are viewed and punished reflects broader societal dynamics where powerful individuals can manipulate laws and perceptions of crime, often to their benefit and the detriment of less empowered populations. The significant losses from crimes like Bernie Madoff's Ponzi scheme or organized crime activities during the Prohibition Era illustrate the complex interplay between crime, social class, and societal impact. The correct multiple-choice option is (A).

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