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Answer :
Final answer:
Lewis Henry Morgan classified societies into three stages: Savagery, Barbarism, and Civilization, arguing this as a linear natural progression of cultures. He pointed technology as the primary force behind cultural evolution. However, Morgan did not directly put forward theories of cultural diffusion or structural functionalism, as these concepts were later associated with other anthropologists.
Explanation:
American anthropologist Lewis Henry Morgan played a significant role in the development of Evolutionary Theory. In responding to the provided options, Option 3: Morgan classified societies into Savagery, Barbarism, and Civilization, is the most accurate. Morgan expanded on Tylor's single set theory of cultural evolution, introducing a more elaborate model and positing technology as the primary driver of cultural evolution. He associated advanced technology with advanced civilization, laying the foundation for the notion of unilineal evolution.
Following evolutionary theory, cultures were thought to only evolve in a linear fashion, progressing from savagery, through barbarism, to civilization. While this view has been largely abandoned in favor of more complex understandings that acknowledge constant culture interaction and unique trajectories, Morgan’s classifications had a significant impact on theories of cultural evolution.
It is important to note that Morgan did not explicitly propose the theory of social stratification; the theories of unilinear cultural evolution and social Darwinism, however, inherently upheld social hierarchy and inequality. Contrary to Option 1, it was not Morgan, but anthropologist Franz Boas who emphasized the diffusion of objects, practices, and ideas among cultures over technological advancements. As for Option 4, the emphasis on structural functionalism as a way of understanding how different aspects of culture work together was attributed to Emile Durkheim in the early 20th century, not Morgan.
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