Answer :

Final answer:

Insects exhibit harmful effects such as disease spreading, crop consumption, and allergic reactions. However, they also demonstrate beneficial effects by maintaining ecosystem balance, aiding organic material decomposition, and plant pollination. Additionally, certain insects serve in biological control methods, and mutualistic associations between insects and other organisms can be beneficial.

Explanation:

Insects have both harmful and beneficial effects on human society. As for the harmful effects, insects can act as vectors for diseases, consume crops and cause allergic reactions. In some instances, measures to control harmful insects, such as chemical pesticides, can also pose risks to human health if ingested. On the beneficial side, insects are integral to ecosystems, as they help control the population of damaging pests, decompose organic material, and pollinate flowers. Certain fungi, very specific to the insects they attack, are being investigated as potential microbial insecticides.

Insects have mutualistic associations with fungi and other organisms, which can be beneficial. One such example is the relationship between leaf-cutting ants and fungi, where the ants cut leaves for the fungi and in return, feed on the fungi they cultivate. This association is an example of mutualistic symbiosis, where both the ants and fungi benefit.

Additionally, beneficial insects could serve as a biological control against harmful insects, reducing the need for chemical pesticides. However, mutations may occur in insects, which could make them resistant to insecticides and potentially increase their survival. It is, thus, essential to understand and manage the impacts of insects to ensure the benefits are maximized, and the harms are minimized.

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