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What factors can affect shell strength according to Dr. Sash's mention that the Kupplefangs died due to weak shells?

A. Environmental conditions and genetic factors
B. Shell size and shape
C. Dietary habits and predator-prey relationships
D. Reproductive strategies and habitat availability

Answer :

Final answer:

Environmental conditions, genetic factors, dietary habits, and pH levels can all affect shell strength. Excessive CO₂ emissions leading to ocean acidification and weakened shells are a prime example of environmental impact. Hence, the correct option is a) Environmental conditions and genetic factors

Explanation:

The factors that can affect shell strength include environmental conditions and genetic factors, dietary habits, and elements like pH levels that influence the calcium carbonate structures comprising most shells. Shell strength is critical for protection and survival in various species. Altered environmental conditions, such as changes in temperature, salinity, and acidity, can significantly impact the ability of organisms like mollusks to produce strong shells. Likewise, nutritional deficits, especially in calcium or other minerals essential for shell formation, can result in weaker shells. Finally, factors like selective breeding and genetic variability also influence shell composition and strength.

Increased CO₂ emissions have led to ocean acidification, causing a rise in pH levels and subsequent weaker shells in shellfish, which increases their susceptibility to predation and disease. Therefore, maintaining a healthy environment and appropriate conditions is crucial for the well-being of shell-forming species and the ecosystems and human communities that depend on them.

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