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Match each virulence factor example with its appropriate mechanism of action category.

**Prompts:**

1. Exotoxin production
2. Capsule production (a capsule is a thick outer shell surrounding the bacterial cell)
3. Releasing molecules that tell the immune cell that the foreign cell is not a threat
4. Releasing adhesion molecules (adhesion molecules are sticky molecules released by the bacterial cell to allow it to stick to a surface)
5. Releasing proteases (proteases are molecules released by a bacterial cell to break down proteins)
6. Changing the molecular shape of the pathogen to be undetected by immune cells

**Answers:**

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Answer :

Final answer:

Virulence factors are mechanisms that enable pathogens to elude the immune system and inflict damage. Each factor, such as exotoxins, capsules, and adhesion molecules, plays a specific role in facilitating disease. Understanding these factors is crucial in identifying how bacteria thrive in host environments.


Explanation:

Understanding Virulence Factors in Bacteria

Virulence factors are mechanisms that enable pathogens to cause disease. Below, we will match various examples of virulence factors with their mechanisms:

  1. Exotoxin production - This refers to the secretion of toxins (exotoxins) by bacteria such as Shigella and Bacillus anthracis. These toxins can disrupt cellular functions, which contributes to the pathogenic effects.
  2. Capsule production - Capsules serve as a protective outer layer for bacteria, helping them evade the immune system by preventing phagocytosis, allowing the bacteria to survive longer in the host.
  3. Releasing molecules that tell the immune cell that the foreign cell is not a threat - Some bacteria produce substances that mask their presence to immune cells, allowing them to persist in the host without triggering an immune response.
  4. Releasing adhesion molecules - These molecules allow bacteria to adhere to host tissues, facilitating colonization and increasing their chance of causing an infection.
  5. Releasing proteases - Proteases break down the proteins in the host, which can damage tissues and assist in immune evasion.
  6. Changing the molecular shape of the pathogen to be undetected by the immune - This mechanism allows pathogens to alter their surface proteins to avoid recognition by the host’s immune system, a process known as antigenic variation.

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