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Answer :
Final answer:
Virulence factors are mechanisms that enable pathogens to elude the immune system and inflict damage. Each factor, such as exotoxins, capsules, and adhesion molecules, plays a specific role in facilitating disease. Understanding these factors is crucial in identifying how bacteria thrive in host environments.
Explanation:
Understanding Virulence Factors in Bacteria
Virulence factors are mechanisms that enable pathogens to cause disease. Below, we will match various examples of virulence factors with their mechanisms:
- Exotoxin production - This refers to the secretion of toxins (exotoxins) by bacteria such as Shigella and Bacillus anthracis. These toxins can disrupt cellular functions, which contributes to the pathogenic effects.
- Capsule production - Capsules serve as a protective outer layer for bacteria, helping them evade the immune system by preventing phagocytosis, allowing the bacteria to survive longer in the host.
- Releasing molecules that tell the immune cell that the foreign cell is not a threat - Some bacteria produce substances that mask their presence to immune cells, allowing them to persist in the host without triggering an immune response.
- Releasing adhesion molecules - These molecules allow bacteria to adhere to host tissues, facilitating colonization and increasing their chance of causing an infection.
- Releasing proteases - Proteases break down the proteins in the host, which can damage tissues and assist in immune evasion.
- Changing the molecular shape of the pathogen to be undetected by the immune - This mechanism allows pathogens to alter their surface proteins to avoid recognition by the host’s immune system, a process known as antigenic variation.
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