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Weathering is the process of breaking down rock, soil, and other materials through mechanical and chemical weathering agents. It may lead to difficulties in deep foundation work when encountered in subsurface profiles.
Weathering may cause instability and deformation of soil and rock formations, resulting in the loss of bearing capacity of soil and rock strata, and increased settlements.
The following are some of the challenges you may encounter in deep foundation works on subsurface profiles:
Soil expansion and contraction - This is most likely to occur in expansive clays, which shrink in dry weather and expand in wet weather. Such movements may cause instability in structures or produce structural damage.
Differential settlement - This can occur when a building's foundation experiences different settlement rates across its length, width, or depth.
Differential settlement can cause severe damage to buildings and create structural issues. It may result from changes in soil or rock properties, differences in loading intensity, or variations in water table levels.
Drilling problems - A weathered rock or soil profile may present challenges in drilling.
For instance, an excavation for a foundation may be more difficult in weathered rock than in sound rock. In addition, the formation of cavities, sand pockets, or other weak zones may impede drilling or borehole stability.
Rock Strength - Weathering leads to decreased strength and increased permeability in rock, which in turn leads to greater deformation and instability. As a result, weathered rocks require particular attention and, if necessary, additional stabilization to support the load.
In summary, weathering has the potential to cause numerous issues in deep foundation work, ranging from differential settlement to drilling problems, which may necessitate additional stabilization measures.
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Weathering describes the process by which rocks are broken down into smaller particles by physical, chemical, or biological means.
In the subsurface profiles, weathering often manifests in a layered structure that varies based on the original rock composition and environmental factors like climate.
Bedrock: The original unweathered parent rock found at deeper levels.
Saprock: Located just above the bedrock, this layer consists of partially chemically weathered minerals and still contains some of the original unweathered minerals. Although the texture and structure of the rock are preserved, its composition has changed and its strength has been reduced.
Saprolite: A more chemically altered layer than saprock, retaining much of the parent rock's texture and structure but with significantly reduced strength. This layer is often referred to as 'rotten rock'.
When constructing deep foundations, several problems might arise:
Reduced Strength: Both saprock and saprolite have reduced strength compared to fresh bedrock, which can compromise the stability of the foundation.
Differential Settlement: Variations in the degree of weathering can lead to uneven settlement of the foundation, causing structural issues.
Water Infiltration: Higher porosity in weathered layers can lead to water infiltration, which can affect the foundation's integrity by inducing further chemical weathering and lowering strength.
