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Answer :
To determine whether two bacterial strains belong to the same species, several criteria must be met. The classification of bacteria into species involves a combination of genetic, phenotypic, and ecological factors. Here are some of the main criteria used:
Genetic Similarity: One of the primary criteria is the degree of genetic similarity between two strains. This is often measured using DNA-DNA hybridization. If two strains have at least 70% DNA-DNA relatedness, they are generally considered to be the same species. Additionally, the 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 97% or higher is commonly used as a marker for species classification.
Phenotypic Characteristics: Two bacterial strains belonging to the same species should exhibit similar physical and metabolic characteristics. These include morphology, staining properties, metabolic capabilities, and physiological traits. Bacteria of the same species should have comparable growth requirements and biological activities.
Ecological Niche: While not as heavily weighted as genetic and phenotypic criteria, the ecological niche of bacteria can also be considered. Strains that occupy the same habitat and play similar roles in the environment may belong to the same species.
Phylogenetic Analysis: Modern classification also involves phylogenetic approaches using whole-genome sequencing. This method helps in understanding evolutionary relationships and provides a more comprehensive view of genetic similarity.
Consistency with Existing Classification: Lastly, the proposed classification should be consistent with the scientific literature and existing taxonomic frameworks. Names and classifications are guided by international bacterial nomenclature standards, like the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria.
In summary, to classify two bacterial strains as the same species, researchers examine a combination of high genetic similarity, phenotypic characteristics, ecological considerations, and consistency with existing taxonomies.
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