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Answer :
Final answer:
Innate immunity is characterized by its use of TLRs to recognize structures shared by classes of microbes. It provides a generic initial response to pathogens. Other options are characteristics of the adaptive immune system, which offers a specific, learned response after exposure.
Explanation:
The characteristic of innate immunity among the options given is: b - uses TLRs to recognize structures shared by classes of microbes. Innate immunity, a key component of the immune system, offers the initial response to pathogens and is not specific to a particular pathogen unlike the adaptive immune system. The innate immunity employs Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) that are always present on the cell surface and can recognize structures shared by classes of pathogens, hence providing a broad defense mechanism.
The other options are generally characteristics of the adaptive immune system. For instance, the development of adaptive immunity is slower (option a) because it requires exposure to a specific antigen to build a targeted response. Adaptive immunity also involves the specific recognition of antigens by cell surface receptors (option c), it exhibits immunological memory (option d), and it undergoes clonal expansion when activated (option e). These all contribute to its ability to provide long-term, specific protection against individual pathogens.
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