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After the first round of AES encryption with a 128-bit block size and a 128-bit key size, the output will be a ciphertext with the same block size. The encryption process involves several layers, including byte substitution, shift rows, mix columns, and key addition.
In the first round of AES encryption, the plaintext (consisting of 128 ones) undergoes several operations to produce the ciphertext. These operations are applied to the plaintext using the initial subkey (also consisting of 128 ones).
Byte Substitution: Each byte of the plaintext is substituted with a corresponding value from the S-box, which is a fixed lookup table. Since the plaintext consists of all ones, each byte will be substituted with a specific value determined by the S-box.
Shift Rows: The bytes in each row of the state matrix (resulting from the byte substitution) are shifted cyclically. In the first round, there is no row shifting since the block size is 128 bits, and there is only one row.
Mix Columns: The bytes in each column of the state matrix (resulting from the shift rows) are mixed using a mathematical transformation. In the first round, there is no mixing of columns.
Key Addition: The state matrix is combined with the first subkey (which is also 128 ones) using a bitwise XOR operation. This results in the final ciphertext for the first round.
The output of the first round will be the ciphertext, which will have the same block size as the plaintext (128 bits in this case). The ciphertext will be a result of the byte substitution and key addition operations performed on the plaintext using the initial subkey.
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