Answer :

The probability of a wolf from Isle Royale having malformed vertebrae is 0.055.

The correct option is A.

This number is based on the findings of Lair, J. R., Mech, L. D., and Petretto, A. P. (2019), who studied the skeletal morphology of wolves from Isle Royale over a 9-year period. They found that 5.5% of wolves in their study sample had malformed vertebrae, an indicator of inbreeding.

This highlights the unique challenges and pressures of a closed isolated habitat like Isle Royale, where genetic diversity and selective pressures have led to a higher risk of inbreeding and genetic disorders. It also serves as a warning sign for the future of animal conservation in small isolated habitats.

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